{"id":5280,"date":"2023-11-24T15:08:02","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T14:08:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projekte.be-happy.agency\/rfu1\/sovereigns-sub-sovereigns\/"},"modified":"2025-08-11T20:29:45","modified_gmt":"2025-08-11T18:29:45","slug":"sovereigns-sub-sovereigns","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/en\/rfu-models\/sovereigns-sub-sovereigns\/","title":{"rendered":"Sovereigns &amp; Sub-sovereigns"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-eezyc-7188ee4ba544fff2763380f6da23521b main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-5280'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-npczo-46ce9e043d6977e60aabfcf0fa13060e sc-av_one_fourth av-equal-height-column-flextable'><div  class='flex_column av-npczo-46ce9e043d6977e60aabfcf0fa13060e av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lppostm5-1c5806fd940b3523174d65187a2de169\">\n.avia-image-container.av-lppostm5-1c5806fd940b3523174d65187a2de169 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-lppostm5-1c5806fd940b3523174d65187a2de169 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-lppostm5-1c5806fd940b3523174d65187a2de169 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first  av-mini-hide'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-4630 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4630 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender.png\" alt='rfu-Modelle L\u00e4nder' title='rfu-wien-modelle-laender'  height=\"1012\" width=\"600\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender.png 600w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-178x300.png 178w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-418x705.png 418w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lrjlzobf-610e2a856755d335ebf99b63f0623fd9\">\n.avia-image-container.av-lrjlzobf-610e2a856755d335ebf99b63f0623fd9 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-lrjlzobf-610e2a856755d335ebf99b63f0623fd9 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-lrjlzobf-610e2a856755d335ebf99b63f0623fd9 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_image  avia-builder-el-last  av-desktop-hide av-medium-hide av-small-hide'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-5580 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-5580 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil.png\" alt='rfu Modelle L\u00e4nder' title='rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil'  height=\"600\" width=\"600\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil.png 600w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/rfu-wien-modelle-laender-mobil-180x180.png 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-325xgk-29fcd499447a8d1a445cfaf05cf3bb92 av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpcpetq1-46295a4ef7c1ac27b697ca0ac9a6537c\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-lpcpetq1-46295a4ef7c1ac27b697ca0ac9a6537c{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-lpcpetq1-46295a4ef7c1ac27b697ca0ac9a6537c .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-lpcpetq1-46295a4ef7c1ac27b697ca0ac9a6537c .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-lpcpetq1-46295a4ef7c1ac27b697ca0ac9a6537c av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >rfu Rating Methodology for Sovereigns (rfu Sovereign Rating) <\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpcpf9vf-4bca2d5291d6b73cc1aa9c883ba5ff85 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Countries are creating social frameworks and are themselves actors in various political fields. Any method for analysing sovereigns has to be able to assess their performance in the context of different socio-economical and natural conditions. Aiming to create a scientifically sound and at the same time practicable and meaningful basis for decision making the rfus Rating Methodology for Sovereign was first developed in 2015. It has been continuously optimised since then.<\/p>\n<p>The rating methodology is based on the classic three-pillar-model of sustainability: society, environment and economy. Recognised scientific concepts were selected for the derivation of specific criteria on the next level. For the social and economic pillar, the fundamental human needs theory of Manfred Max-Neef and the system-theoretical approach of Hartmut Bossel were used. The ecological pillar is oriented on the planetary boundary concept of the Stockholm Resilience Center. In total, the method is looking at over 100 criteria as well as a multitude of related indicators which it aggregates into an overall rating on the rfu rating scale. Additionally, exclusion criteria can be applied.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpjzzvxo-86691e79811eb8ffba34accaddcb93d2\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpjzzvxo-86691e79811eb8ffba34accaddcb93d2{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpjzzvxo-86691e79811eb8ffba34accaddcb93d2 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_icon_box '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpk00itb-6d684167566a421bf5d1d9ecddc8aa7c\">\n.iconbox.av-lpk00itb-6d684167566a421bf5d1d9ecddc8aa7c .iconbox_icon{\nbackground-color:#00005a;\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-lpk00itb-6d684167566a421bf5d1d9ecddc8aa7c .iconbox_content_title{\ncolor:#00005a;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-lpk00itb-6d684167566a421bf5d1d9ecddc8aa7c  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconbox_icon heading-color\" aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Downloads<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Here you can download <a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/AI-04-2018_RFU_unlocked.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">information about the rfu Model for Sovereigns<\/a> as a PDF.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2ywos4-338af1fa9d4497848bda5eaeea798168\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-2ywos4-338af1fa9d4497848bda5eaeea798168{\nheight:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-2ywos4-338af1fa9d4497848bda5eaeea798168 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_icon_box  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lph4vrai-07261618e777b7bfd95b4c855440a84c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>rfu rating methodology for sub-sovereigns (rfu Sub-Sovereign Rating)<\/h3>\n<p>Sub-sovereigns \u2013 i.e. public authorities below the country level such as states and cities \u2013 are increasingly active on the capital market with their own bond emissions. From the viewpoint of many sustainable investors the so far usual approach to equate the ESG-rating for the member state to the motherland is only an inadequate approximation.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore in 2021\/2022, rfu developed a methodology for sub-sovereigns as an additional function of the sovereign rating. First of all, it is identified how much discretion the entity has . Within this leeway social and ecological achievements are then assessed separately, leading to either a lesser or better rating compared to that of the motherland. Especially in Emerging Markets this can lead to new investment potentials for sustainable investors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><div  class='flex_column av-hres8k-58f8da241e6f1b834aeb97ecfb27e3e6 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_three_fourth  el_before_av_three_fourth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1lozx0-2820e6e33bb37cc36af095593f48139e\">\n.avia-image-container.av-1lozx0-2820e6e33bb37cc36af095593f48139e img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-1lozx0-2820e6e33bb37cc36af095593f48139e .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-1lozx0-2820e6e33bb37cc36af095593f48139e av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-12  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ratingskala_verteilung-e1706557895945.jpg\" class='avia_image'  aria-label='ratingskala_verteilung'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-4491 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4491 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ratingskala_verteilung-300x255.jpg\" alt='Ratingskala und Verteilung' title='ratingskala_verteilung'  height=\"255\" width=\"300\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ratingskala_verteilung-300x255.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ratingskala_verteilung.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-eqfdyc-ce91ac0feade14f054bd04f0778ba43b av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_fourth  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-bhua9w-706cd28d99d3f37f078eb6d14776e0b9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Rating Scale<\/h3>\n<p>In all rfu Sustainability Models the individual criteria are assessed on a scale between -10 to +10. Their specific weighting is then included in an overall score. The features of the criteria will, over several levels, be aggregated to one overall rating on a nine-part scale from A+ (\u201cinnovative\u201d) to C- (\u201cregressive\u201d). In case of a restricted amount of data a so-called indicative rating from a to c will be given.<\/p>\n<p>The rfu Rating Scale is absolute and not aligned with the best-in-class approach. This means the entirety of the ratings is distributed according to a profile similar to a bell curve. This can be divided in four equal segments to achieve so-called rating categories: Q (Qualified), MP (Medium Profile), LP+ und LP- (Low Profile).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-woksk-90ec10dbc81eb13e34f5154c2f509490 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_three_fourth  el_before_av_three_fourth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7nkd10-0ee42ed0909938b4826756bcfbe54d40\">\n.avia-image-container.av-7nkd10-0ee42ed0909938b4826756bcfbe54d40 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-7nkd10-0ee42ed0909938b4826756bcfbe54d40 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-7nkd10-0ee42ed0909938b4826756bcfbe54d40 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-16  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1030x580.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1030x580.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1536x865.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1500x845.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-705x397.png 705w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025.png 1562w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" class='avia_image'  aria-label='rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025'><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-7144 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-7144 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025.png\" alt='rfu Wien - Ausschlusskriterien Sovereigns' title='rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025'  height=\"880\" width=\"1562\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025.png 1562w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1030x580.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1536x865.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-1500x845.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/rfu-ausschlusskriterien-sovereigns-2025-705x397.png 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1562px) 100vw, 1562px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-5ybi10-ee4044095cde2154f3ddfcea11a1a80f av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-27s6gk-ee3d12737a7339fee91a6404c7893436 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Exclusion Criteria<\/h3>\n<p>For companies as well as for countries there are activities and behaviour patterns contradicting the principles of sustainability. These are covered by the exclusion criteria. The so-called rfu Standard contains all those exclusions necessary to fulfill important external requirements (\u00d6sterreichisches Umweltzeichen, FNG-Siegel, \u00d6GUT-Zertifizierung). Additionally, other Standards can be chosen (e.g. FinAnKo for church investors) or clients can apply completely individual settings.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6030,"parent":5492,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5280","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sovereigns &amp; Sub-sovereigns - rfu research GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aiming to create a scientifically sound basis for decision making the rfus Rating Methodology for Sovereign was first developed in 2015.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rfu.at\/en\/rfu-models\/sovereigns-sub-sovereigns\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sovereigns &amp; 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